restart; with(plots);

Warning, the name changecoords has been redefined

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Here is a plot of our two functions. polarplot({3*cos(t), 3-3*cos(t+2*Pi)}, t = 0 .. 2*Pi, scaling = constrained, thickness = 2);

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

They intersect with a reference angle of Pi/3, here is a plot usng that information. polarplot({3-3*cos(t+2*Pi), 3*cos(t)}, t = 1/3*Pi .. 5*Pi/3, scaling = constrained, thickness = 2);

NictSSdDVVJWRVNHNiI2JDdTNyQkIjMpKSkqKioqKioqKioqKipcKCEjPSQiM09rbyY+NlEhKkgiISM8NyQkIjMmUlE0ektiSEkoRiskIjMvQ3RNNmV4I2UiRi43JCQiM2U9O2RyUmYleSdGKyQiM2ZnUUo3dUpVPUYuNyQkIjMheidHOT41eXlkRiskIjM7ZjxtLVErVUBGLjckJCIza2BqeHgvTydHJUYrJCIzLCQ+InBudmVXQ0YuNyQkIjM5JjRhSG8hZjJCRiskIjMmUlNPaysjUVFGRi43JCQiMz1oPnc0WGdgSyEjPyQiM09NaSNINFRuKkhGLjckJCEzOygqZUV1bWFkRkYrJCIzWzpIVF8oM0RDJEYuNyQkITNrZ2R3JXpiNTMnRiskIjMxMl8xbmFhbE1GLjckJCEzO0o2R0tzViZ6KkYrJCIzIVx0SlRsYydbT0YuNyQkITNFc14wPnllKFIiRi4kIjNPMTM4JnkwKCl5JEYuNyQkITNlLkYhZTBGLXoiRi4kIjNhOztjbEE+bVFGLjckJCEzeSlcNz5ibz9EI0YuJCIzR1dsVypwOHIqUUYuNyQkITNka1BNLDgsR0ZGLiQiMylmJltRQzdFa1FGLjckJCEzLXQhemJvQiopPSRGLiQiM2speWwlZThrcFBGLjckJCEzQVkweCQqUlosT0YuJCIzKG8tXGRgdCVIT0YuNyQkITNVa3VqT2NedVNGLiQiM1FJXEQ5b0wnUiRGLjckJCEzL1xncjZLOF9XRi4kIjM+IXpLWDJqVTkkRi43JCQhM3VpTG4veDdiW0YuJCIzKT4iKj5sT28+eiNGLjckJCEzQ1xiI0dAYDs8JkYuJCIzJWUqbyRwV3I8ViNGLjckJCEzRTxaZGM4eG5hRi4kIjNHJ1FaTDApKTMqPkYuNyQkITNZamoqKiopKilwJHAmRi4kIjNkMHdgOiZmUmAiRi43JCQhM0s9I1E2byxkJ2VGLiQiM2tlJVI/JTNZRjVGLjckJCEzJ29TQSdINyRHJ2ZGLiQiMyJ5LjU1WUcpUmFGKzckJCEzLTdiamoyKSoqKmZGLiQiMy1XUHFGaV9TNyEjPjckJCEzXSN5QCVlUVJqZkYuJCEzQVIjZkFnKHApUiZGKzckJCEzbylmOUwuailwZUYuJCEzWyJvQ0MpXHA2NUYuNyQkITMhKXBFTSYpKj5scSZGLiQhM0Z4Iz5xWDhHXSJGLjckJCEzN09bWm1KanRhRi4kITMjKkh1SzBYcSEpPkYuNyQkITNrSHdAcSsrKT0mRi4kITNSO11uVCJHMFQjRi43JCQhM0EkeW9dJTRNaltGLiQhM1dhOVQ8d28keSNGLjckJCEzP1EwKzo7Z2JXRi4kITMkXCJ6X188alRKRi43JCQhM0tgJip6WWU1YlNGLiQhM24pKjNqS0RmMk1GLjckJCEzPVF4aUZKTixPRi4kITMsKkhecnhBJkhPRi43JCQhM18+andJWEp2SkYuJCEzPyd5L1JGWkx4JEYuNyQkITNaSih5JT0xJUdxI0YuJCEzIzRySDpHSncnUUYuNyQkITNdXmU3VFVmZ0FGLiQhMyFcbjorNyk0KCpRRi43JCQhMzVSVS8yOGY0PUYuJCEzOSUpUWg3UXdvUUYuNyQkITMnZUBYUyIpZnlRIkYuJCEzO3ZAWGQzOid5JEYuNyQkITM5XCIqZkh2dVgoKkYrJCEzeUordUJ4ZllPRi43JCQhMyNHOCUpcE5WUjUnRiskITNLKltzQU9wb1kkRi43JCQhMzdqbU8jKjRbeUZGKyQhM3NeQ1JTZDdXS0YuNyQkIjNVJnpEVWtFKyl6RkskITNDJHljMyp6KT4qSEYuNyQkIjNtSigqKTNdaGxII0YrJCEzTSwqSCkpPi8pUkZGLjckJCIzZ2J3ImUqWy1UVkYrJCEzRnJ6aUNVNU5DRi43JCQiM0l4Y1xDaExAZEYrJCEzOyw5cFRAJmU6I0YuNyQkIjNiczw/ckd5U25GKyQhM20sY0I9cHplPUYuNyQkIjNBcSdSTStNVUkoRiskITMpKilcLyc9bCU9ZSJGLjckJCIzeSgqKioqKioqKioqKipcKEYrJCEzNUNjNFAiUSEqSCJGLi1JJ0NPTE9VUkdGJTYmSSRSR0JHRiUkIiM1ISIiJCIiIUZjW2xGYltsLUYkNiQ3UzckJCIzOTw9aFgqKioqKlwoRiskIjMlXGJPRDVRISpIIkYuNyQkIjNrZ2YlbyopPmRFJkYrJCIzU08kXCE9U0NUNkYuNyQkIjMzKzY8Pm5uI2UkRiskIjM9RixKaEFiRygqRis3JCQiM3JyI1wyKipmYC4jRiskIjMzY2NfXSI0V2EoRis3JCQiM2FBLykqZWVAWyopRmJzJCIzJD45ISlIYkVMNSZGKzckJCIzKSo+L1Rbd0s6QEZicyQiMyZ5X20zWEUtXiNGKzckJCIzLD9CJEg4QWpgJCEjQiQiM3kienhAIipRckQkRks3JCQiMzk6d2UjR1hUOiNGYnMkITM7IkdMSiQpKSlIYCNGKzckJCIzISkpcEJDKikqPWgqKUZicyQhM0BReURZNSJwNSZGKzckJCIzZSEqNHJ6LChvLCNGKyQhMyxubig+XlhEXihGKzckJCIzW1hMRD8qeUtmJEYrJCEzdSkpNCFHPCIpNHUqRis3JCQiM11uQ0woSCpvJ0gmRiskITNpYCplOEt5UTkiRi43JCQiM1Q9ZyM9YVcuXihGKyQhMzNlazoqek0nKkgiRi43JCQiM181KUg8emQkeSoqRiskITNiODh3SWxXODlGLjckJCIzKWZaIT5CMVBeN0YuJCEzcyllXS0oNER6OUYuNyQkIjMpNHNyJEhPUSlbIkYuJCEzcShRLiQ+XSYqKlwiRi43JCQiM1tfRkRJVDVxPEYuJCEzYydlN28mM1t2OUYuNyQkIjM2OE8meWhSOysjRi4kITMwSSUqPitHajg5Ri43JCQiMyVcIz0hKno3WmFBRi4kITMzbWFaSWpXJ0giRi43JCQiM1VOY3A8TCFvWCNGLiQhM1tRQWR0dUBiNkYuNyQkIjNFd0UhcDRCKVtFRi4kITNVUkZsR2hyVycqRis3JCQiM0FOWio+bCUpcHojRi4kITN3WWRRWVxYTnZGKzckJCIzOWEhKmYocCNwNUhGLiQhMyVHcj8sMyJcKTQmRis3JCQiM213MWtBekJ2SEYuJCEzKSo9J2VtUXlVciNGKzckJCIzT3c6d3ZyKSoqKkhGLiQhMyxyaCQpNFhpLWlGSzckJCIzRyYpUSZSXDdjKEhGLiQiM2VJYCpSX1NRcCNGKzckJCIzXiZvJD1XSlg4SEYuJCIzJmV1UmQwYzktJkYrNyQkIjMneiMzeWdQVjBHRi4kIjMvVG5cJXk7IilRKEYrNyQkIjMpejQoNFMmXEVsI0YuJCIzcUA5T2tLJiopZipGKzckJCIzdTdvSSFmT3RZI0YuJCIzVTh4JSplPFRZNkYuNyQkIjNxUE0uZDdvZkFGLiQiM1NjXygqPi5TJEgiRi43JCQiMzdwPygqKkciei4/Ri4kIjN4RXZMO3UnR1QiRi43JCQiMy14InB5I1xOZTxGLiQiMydbc00jNE1leDlGLjckJCIzW2AyLFVISilbIkYuJCIzcWszP3FXJioqXCJGLjckJCIzSixERmJdcVY3Ri4kIjNjO2EuPEAleloiRi43JCQiMyJSOSpvdCZbUCUpKkYrJCIzYzpCInp1ImYzOUYuNyQkIjM9em4vKil5LGB2RiskIjMrYUFCLlozLThGLjckJCIzaTApW0pON2BRJkYrJCIzR1swYy11TF42Ri43JCQiM1tUJXo5Tl9OYiRGKyQiMy1LVkY6I29VcCpGKzckJCIzXy1AQW1gIyoqKj5GKyQiM3U1dVI9Xj0kWyhGKzckJCIzJXB3LmU4YCstKkZicyQiM2Mkby0neSNRSjcmRis3JCQiM1spZWNrbHRYPSNGYnMkIjMvVW9aaWNvXURGKzckJCIzaiU+cGtnaVM4IyEjQSQhMyM+czM3IilROCspRks3JCQiMyVRJFEpKTNvOCQ0I0ZicyQhM29uPXMhKXo2KFwjRis3JCQiM3VrVUMzLURTIypGYnMkITNrbjFEJXlKTD0mRis3JCQiMyEqcCczKmZtKFEoPkYrJCEzciRSPGsuXHhWKEYrNyQkIjMhb2sqKkdfVW5bJEYrJCEzMGV1TzRzI1toKkYrNyQkIjNpTypcIj5HTXNfRiskITNVXGZtIWYzPTkiRi43JCQiM1d1UCF6cyoqKipcKEYrJCEzdXVyJyoqM1EhKkgiRi4tRlxbbDYmRl5bbEZiW2xGX1tsRmJbbC1JKlRISUNLTkVTU0dGJTYjIiIjLUkoU0NBTElOR0dGJTYjSSxDT05TVFJBSU5FREc2JCUqcHJvdGVjdGVkR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJS1JJVZJRVdHRmhbbTYkSShERUZBVUxUR0YlRl5cbQ==

Now let's concentrate on the red graph polarplot({3-3*cos(t+2*Pi)}, t = 1/3*Pi .. 5*Pi/3, scaling = constrained, thickness = 2);

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

We can calculate the area inside that region with the following red[area] := int(.5*(3-3*cos(t))^2, t = 1/3*Pi ..5*Pi/3 );

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

This would be the area if straight lines from the orgin were used to close the graph. Now we need to remove the little indents created by the circle, but it does not have the same limits. The following plot is of the indents created by the circle. polarplot({3*cos(t)}, t = 1/3*Pi ..2*Pi/3 , scaling = constrained, thickness = 2);

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So the area we need to remove is indent[area] := int(.5*(3*cos(t))^2, t = 1/3*Pi ..2*Pi/3 );

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So our area is Area := red[area]-indent[area];

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